前言

本文用来记录在使用python时一些基础的定义、基础用法或Tips。

一、定义

多变量定义：

a, b, c = 0, 0, 0

数组定义：

# 变量定义
a = []
# 作为函数参数时
a: List[int]

函数定义：

def function(a: int, b: List[int])
# 返回值 -> 跟返回变量类型
def function(self) -> bool

返回多个值，指定变量类型：

from typing import Tupledef function(self) -> Tuple[bool, int]

类定义继承：

class Base:def __init__(self, name: str):self.print(f"class name: {name}")# 或如下打印形式# self.print("class name: {}".format(name))
class A_Base(Base):def __init__(self):# 调用父类构造super().__init__("Base")# 打印子类输出self.print(f"class name: A_Base")

二、Tips

1.常用方法

自加减乘除：

a = 10
# a = a + 10
a += 10
# a = a - 10
a -= 10
# a = a * 10
a *= 10
# a = a / 10
a /= 10

求解N次方：

# b = a * a
# **n是求解n次方
a = 10
b = a**2
# b = 100

开方：

from math import sqrta = sqrt(100)
# a = 10

取整：

>>> round(345.345)
345
>>> round(345.345,2)
345.35
>>> round(345.345,1)
345.3
>>> round(345.345,0)
345.0
>>> round(345.345,-1)
350.0
>>> round(345.345,-2)
300.0

求平均、最大、最小

# average
from statistics import mean
a = [3, 4, 5, 1, 6, 2, 9, 7, 10, 8]
b = mean(a)
# b = 5.5# min
b = min(a)
# b = 1# max
b = max(a)
# b = 10

2. 常用module

statistics 统计分析常用模块

Mean 平均数
Median 中位数
- Median Low 双数时中间两位中较小的一个，单数取中间
- Median High 双数时中间两位中较小的一个，单数取中间
Mode 众数

import statistics
>>> statistics.mean([3, 4, 5, 1, 6, 2, 9, 7, 10, 8])
5.5
>>> statistics.median_low([1, 4, 7])
4
>>> statistics.median_low([1, 4, 7, 10])
4
>>> statistics.median_high([1, 4, 7, 10])
7
>>> statistics.mode([3, 4, 5, 1, 6, 2, 2, 9, 7, 10, 8])
2

SciPy 算法及统计分析库

SciPy 是基于Python的NumPy扩展构建的数学算法和便利函数的库¹。

scipy.optimize.leastsq 求解最小二乘方程

from scipy.optimize import leastsq
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as pltdef fun(p,x):k,b = preturn k*x+bdef error(p,x,y):return fun(p,x)-yXi = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
Yi = np.array([2,4,5,6,8])p0 = np.array([1,3])
para = leastsq(error,p0,args=(Xi,Yi))k,b = para[0]
print(f"k = {k}, b = {b}")
plt.scatter(Xi, Yi, color='red', label='Sample data', linewidth=2)x = np.linspace(0, 10, 5)
y = k * x + b
plt.plot(x, y, color='blue', label='Fitting Curve', linewidth=2)
plt.legend()  # 图例plt.show() # 显示
# k = 1.4000000000008725, b = 0.799999999995201